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Schizophrenia Update
A Free Periodic Newsletter Brought to you by www.schizophrenia.com Series 2, Issue 11 - February 25, 2004 A Summary of Schizophrenia-related News and Events
Recent Back-issues
of this newsletter are now available at the main web site.
*************************************************************** TABLE OF CONTENTS
* Web Site Update o Lilly issues warning on Zyprexa in Elderly with Dementia o Scratch and Smell Test could help spot brain disease o Singapore – Students Targeted for Early Treatment for Mental Illness o Agencies to use Technology in effort to help mentally ill o The Crisis Cops – When they closed Norwich Hospital, New London Police Faced a Whole New Challenge – so the learned how not to shoot. o Tracy Moore finds help to control her schizophrenia, allowing her to use her singing talents for a try at stardom on "American Idol" o CMV Therapy May Improve Schizophrenia Symptoms o Secretin shows some benefits for schizophrenia o Saegis Pharmaceuticals Receives $2 million from Stanley Medical Research Institute o Researchers Find a Type of Stem Cell May Have the Ability to Repair the Brain o Social Status Impaired early in schizophrenia o New Drugs Fail to Fully Aid Schizophrenics o IntegraGen and Aventis ink schizophrenia gene research colaboration o Gene Variation increases risk of Schizophrenia o Zyprexa IntraMuscular Injectable Approved for Use in Canada
*************************************************************** Schizophrenia.com Web Site Update Dear Subscribers, We're still working on avoiding the spam filters at the Email service providers. We're sending this newsletter today in only "Text" format to see if that makes any difference. We're sorry for the inconvenience. Preventing Schizophrenia We’ve recently combed the research and talked with some of the top schizophrenia researchers (including Dr. Pat McGorry of Australia) who are focused on preventing schizophrenia and we’ve come up with the following web page with ideas on how people might lower the risk for developing schizophrenia – and lowering the risk for their children getting schizophrenia. None of these risk factors in schizophrenia are what would be called “fully proven” but the evidence seems to be building and the costs and risks associated with these actions are, I believe, very low. We will be continuing to update this information as more research comes available. If you have any questions on this we recommend you talk to your psychiatrist or family physician for more information. Preventing Schizophrenia http://www.schizophrenia.com/prevent.htm -------------------------------------------------------------- New Schizophrenia Blogs We’ve added approximately a dozen new schizophrenia-related Web Logs (or Blogs, for short) in the past few weeks. Web Logs are regularly updated areas of the web site (sometimes daily, sometimes once every few days) on different topics that we think you’d be interested in. Our New Blogs include: 1. Schizophrenia NewsBlog – daily updated Schizophrenia News and Commentary 2. A Mother in India – The description of the battle one mother in India has experienced in getting her daughter proper treatment for schizophrenia 3. A Mother's Journey – The story of a mother in the US who has been working to get treatment for her son who has been diagnosed with schizo-affective disorder 4. State of Mind, by Puzli – a web log by a young engineering student who has schizophrenia and who lives in India. 5. My Life's Adventure, by PT – A day by day story of a man with schizophrenia who is recovering well and working and going to school part time. 6. Silent Storm, by Cathi, the story of a young woman who married a man who was diagnosed with schizophrenia, and the challenges they have faced. 7. A Daughter's Story – the story of a woman who’s father had schizophrenia, and the challenges she has faced in getting him treatment. 8. Wagblog, by Pam Wagner – Award-winning author and Poet – Pam Wagner – writes extremely well about her experiences with schizophrenia, and provides excerpts from a new book that she and her sister (a leading psychiatrist) are writing. 9. Site Activities Blog – a place where you can check to see what we’re currently working on, or have recently accomplished, at schizophrenia.com Non-Schizophrenia.com Blogs 1. Visions & Madness, by Stand – one man’s story of his experience with schizophrenia 2. Pharmaceutical News – news on new developments in the pharmaceutical industry 3. Consumer Advocate News – Good consumer Advocate News 4. Drug/Alcohol Abuse – Good information for families or individuals dealing with drug and/or Alcohol abuse in addition to schizophrenia To Visit the Schizophrenia Blogs – see the left hand side of the home page at http://www.Schizophrenia.com --------------------------------------------------------------------------- Updated Schizophrenia Biology Section of Schizophrenia.com Web site We’ve recently updated the Schizophrenia Biology Section of the web site. If you want to learn more about who the top researchers are in the field, what the current research is, and basic biological theories behind schizophrenia – this is the place to go. For more technical discussions – we have also linked to a large number of Internet video presentations by leading researchers in the field of schizophrenia. These presentations were done at the UCLA Medical School during the past year and a half and are excellent if you’re looking for more in-depth information. http://www.schizophrenia.com/research/ *************************************************************** Schizophrenia link to leaded Gas (petrol) By Richard Black BBC science correspondent, in Seattle US scientists say they have found a link between exposure to lead in the womb and schizophrenia in adulthood. The discovery is based on a study of blood samples taken from pregnant American women in the 1960s when lead was still widely used in vehicle fuel. People whose mothers were exposed to high levels of the metal in exhaust fumes were more than twice as likely to develop schizophrenia as adults. The research was led by Dr Ezra Susser, from Columbia University in New York. He presented the work to the annual meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in Washington State. "It's the first time that any environmental toxin has been related to the later risk of schizophrenia," he told the BBC. "It's a preliminary finding, but an intriguing one. We think that people will now look at a variety of environmental toxins which can disrupt brain development, and see whether they are also related to the risk of schizophrenia." Complex condition Dr Susser believes that lead may interfere with the growth of nerve cells in the baby's brain during a developmental period known as synaptogenesis, when brain cells make many connections to one another. The suggestion is that cells start to commit suicide when they should not. He believes lead may operate through the same mechanism which some researchers think gives rise to foetal alcohol syndrome. In this, a baby's brain is damaged prenatally through the mother's consumption of significant amounts of alcohol. The search is now on for other samples collected during the era of leaded petrol which could confirm the finding. If it is confirmed, it would have huge implications for the study of schizophrenia, a condition whose origins have baffled researchers for decades. Schizophrenia is the most chronic and disabling of the major mental illnesses. It is a highly complex condition, and scientists are not even sure if it is one disorder, or a range of disorders, with different causes. People with schizophrenia may hear internal voices not heard by others, or believe that other people are reading their minds, controlling their thoughts, or plotting to harm them. This may make a person with schizophrenia feel anxious and confused. A sufferer may seem distant, detached, or preoccupied. Sometimes they may sit motionless and silent for hours. Still in use If lead does disturb early brain development, then scientists will be able to focus on other factors which may do the same thing. The finding also adds extra weight to the arguments of organisations campaigning to have leaded petrol phased out everywhere in the world. The dataset used in the research came from the Childhood Health and Development Study which ran between 1959 and 1966 in Oakland and enrolled almost 20,000 mothers. Dr Susser and his colleague's research is scheduled for publication in a forthcoming edition of the journal Environmental Health Perspectives. Paul Corry, head of policy and campaigns at Rethink severe mental illness, said: "We welcome any new research or progress into understanding the causes of schizophrenia, but much more research would be needed before it could make a difference to the thousands of people living with severe mental illness in the UK. "In the meantime, reaching people early with the right care and treatment is the best way of recovering a meaningful and fulfilling life."
Story from BBC NEWS: *************************************************************** Lilly Issues Warning on Zyprexa in Use in Elderly with Dementia The Wall Street Journal reported this morning that: "Zyprexa, a blockbuster antipsychotic medicine often used to calm elderly people with dementia, can increase the risk of strokes and death in those patients, according to a letter sent to physicians by Eli Lilly & Co. This warning echo's an announcement by Johnson & Johnson's on its own schizophrenia drug, Risperdal, back in April' 2003. The Lilly letter said there was a "significantly higher" incidence of stroke among these patients, but didn't quantify it any further. The letter also said elderly patients in the Zyprexa group of the studies had a higher incidence of deaths of all types, 3.5% compared with 1.5% in the placebo group." A Lilly spokesman stated that the use of Zyprexa in elderly with dementia accounts for a small portion, about 2%, of total sales. Zyprexa sales were $4.3 billion last year, or almost a third of the Indianapolis drug maker's annual sales. For more information see: http://msnbc.msn.com/id/4327542/ *************************************************************** Scratch-and-sniff smell test could help spot brain disease - "BRAIN diseases such as Alzheimer’s and schizophrenia are difficult to diagnose in their earliest stages. Even now if you had access to the most sophisticated modern brain-scanning techniques, your chances of detecting the diagnosis early are remote. This is a pity because the earlier you can detect illnesses of this type and start treatment, the better the prognosis might be. But now the latest medical research promises a breakthrough which might mean anyone, not just doctors, could spot the earliest signs of these serious illnesses using something as low-tech as a simple test of your ability to smell." and furthermore that "The very latest medical research has established that a deficiency in the sense of smell is not only seen very early in the course of schizophrenia, it is also strongly associated with the eventual duration of the illness. So using smell as an early test for schizophrenia cannot only predict the onset of the disease but also how severe it’s going to be. It seems the worse your inability to smell the longer you are going to suffer from schizophrenia." We think that this is going to be a very important new development when these tests are finally made available. Any company working on this would have the chance to be a very large and successful business - with over 25 million people in the world estimated to have schizophrenia (and perhaps double or triple that many that have related illnesses that are difficult to diagnose with a high level of certainty). While they have been talking about this test for years now - I hope they're finally getting closer to reality.
For Full story: *************************************************************** Wheat Allergy Clue Found in Schizophrenia Cause Hunt - Today researchers announced that Schizophrenia could be linked to an allergy to gluten, a protein found in wheat and other grains. ""A history of coeliac disease is a risk factor for schizophrenia," the researchers wrote in an article for the British Medical Journal."
For more information
see: *************************************************************** Mental health: Students targeted for early treatment - Straits Times, Singapore Singapore has reported on how they are targeting students for early treatment of mental illness - which we consider an extremely well-informed decision; the earlier that schizophrenia is treated (research suggests) the better the outcome for the person and the lower the costs for society. One of those rare "Win/Win" scenarios.The story states that "CAMPUS counselors are quietly seeking out students who imagine they are hearing voices, to assess whether they are becoming psychotic or have other mental health problems. Since the year began, counselors at the National University of Singapore have been trying to identify early on students who may be psychotic, so that they can get help and get well. People with psychosis suffer from hallucinations and could develop schizophrenia.Head of the Institute of Mental Health's (IMH) early psychosis intervention programme Chong Siow Ann said: 'Students may have reservations about going to see psychiatrists. So we go to identify the students.''A handful' have already been identified on campus. Those who need treatment are referred to the institute. University students were targeted as psychosis tends to strike in the early 20s. Since the early intervention plan began in 2001, it has identified 569 patients."
For more information
see: *************************************************************** Agency to use technology in effort to help mentally ill (Chicago Sun-Times) A Chicago-based mental health agency wants to break new ground by using computer technology to help the mentally ill lead richer lives. Trilogy, a 30-year fixture in Rogers Park and Evanston, will use innovative software to try to help people with severe mental illnesses with memory, concentration and social skill problems that can result from their illnesses. Severe mental illnesses, such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and severe depression, can be treated, and the computer can be an important tool in rehabilitation, said David Daskovsky, Trilogy's clinical director. Trilogy bought the software, which was developed by doctors and rehabilitation specialists, to "walk" people through exercises designed to help them focus and remember what they've learned. "We teach classes in skills that people need to live independently -- shopping, budgeting, apartment-living," Daskovsky said. "But if people cannot focus and concentrate, they cannot gain those skills." "It's a new direction," said Greg Petersen, Trilogy's finance director. "We hope to be a model for other agencies to follow." The agency's initiative is taking off because of a $35,000 grant in money and material from the Information Technology Resource Center's Accelerator project. The Chicago-based resource center started the Accelerator project this year. The three-year-long project is designed to help 25 local non-profit groups set up networked computers and upgrade their technology so disadvantaged people can gain access to the Internet...
For more info see:
*************************************************************** The Crisis Cops - When They Closed Norwich Hospital, New London Police Faced A Whole New Challenge. So They Learned How Not To Shoot. (Hartford Courant) This is a great article about a woman (Louise Pyers) who has started an organization focused on working with Police to help them understand the mentally ill - and to get them to be better able to deal with the mentally ill when they are behaving differently. When you read this - I hope you'll join in the effort to educate your local police force to address this great need for education. "She formed an organization called the Connecticut Alliance to Benefit Law Enforcement, with the intention of educating as many people as possible about suicide-by-cop. An article she posted on her newly created site, http://www.cableweb.org, led dozens of officers, students and family members to her. Several called just to tell their stories to a sympathetic listener. And one day, she got an e-mail from a man she didn't know - Capt. Ken Edwards at the New London Police Department. He was researching suicide-by-cop as a component of study for his newly minted CIT team. "Where have you been?" she remembers reading on her computer screen. "I've been looking for an organization that believes in what I'm doing."
For More information
see: *************************************************************** Living News (Oregonian Newspaper), January, 23 Tracy Moore finds help to control her schizophrenia, allowing her to use her singing talents for a try at stardom on "American Idol" MICHELLE ROBERTS "American Idol" judge Simon Cowell is known for being critical and blunt, but never tongue-tied. Yet that's how a Southwest Portland woman says she left Cowell when she auditioned for the hit Fox reality show last fall in Hollywood, Calif. Tracy Moore, 22, said she walked into a room in the Renaissance Hollywood Hotel in September and told Cowell that she suffers from a mental illness. "They asked me what I wanted to do with my life," said Moore, who beat more than 10,000 other pop-star hopefuls for a chance to audition for the show's celebrity judges. "I think they expected me to say I want to be a famous recording artist. I told them I want to start a foundation for schizophrenics." Moore said Cowell, famous for his scathing critiques that frequently reduce "American Idol" contestants to tears, was briefly stunned. "Simon just blinked and said, 'What?' " Moore said, mimicking Cowell's British accent. "I told him, 'I'm a schizophrenic.' "It was the first time I've ever seen him speechless." Moore, who discovered her voice while performing in musicals at Wilson High School, always thought her talent would make her rich and famous. But while attending Musictech College in Minneapolis, a school for performing artists, Moore gradually began to withdraw into a world of delusions. "I would go to school and act bizarre," she said. "I'd start thinking weird things and not know what the truth was. I'd talk to people who weren't there." Once, she spent an entire day walking in a circle, convinced that was the only way to stop aliens from entering her body. She wore sandals in the snow. Moore said her classmates were wary of her. "They didn't want to be my friend, but they were civil," she said. "They still wanted me to sing in their bands." During her third term at Musictech, Moore said she called home and asked her mother to sit down. "I told her, 'I'm insane.' " But even that insight quickly disappeared. "As my symptoms got worse, I lost my awareness of the illness," Moore said. "After a while, I didn't know I was crazy. You couldn't convince me that Earth wasn't being threatened by aliens." After a hospitalization in Minnesota, Moore's parents, computer network engineers Pam and Don Moore, moved their daughter home to Portland, where a psychiatrist diagnosed her with schizophrenia, a chronic and debilitating mental illness marked by psychosis, delusions and disordered thinking. The woman who once dreamed of seeing her name in lights had to struggle to hold down minimum-wage jobs. She says she was fired from nearly "every fast-food job in the state." At times, Moore was afraid she'd lost not only her mind, but her future, too. "I was really scared of what was going to become of me," she said. There's often no cure for the illness, but by working closely with a doctor and other mental health professionals, some people can successfully manage their schizophrenia. Moore's doctor experimented with several medications but found that one of the newest medications available to treat schizophrenia, Abilify , helped mute most of her symptoms and let her think more clearly than she had in years. Last summer, after six weeks on the drug, Moore said she began to believe it wasn't unreasonable to dream, once again, of a music career. In late July, Moore talked a friend into driving her 16 hours to the Rose Bowl in Pasadena, Calif., where she waited in line for three days for a chance to audition for "American Idol." Moore's waist-length hair, dyed electric blue, helped her stand out from the throng of auditioners lined up outside the stadium. On Aug. 1, her 22nd birthday, Moore was selected from the crowd to sing on "Good Morning America." Later that day, Moore made the first cut when just 250 contestants -- out of the original 10,000 who showed up at the Los Angeles tryouts -- were selected to go on to the next round. On Aug. 4, Moore belted out Melissa Etheridge's song "I'm the Only One," for six Fox producers responsible for paring the list of finalists down to 50. Moore said it felt as though her heart would leap from her chest as each judge cast their vote. "Yes." , "Yes.", "Yes." , "Yes." , "Yes." , "Yes." On Sept. 7, Moore found herself face to face with Cowell and fellow judge Randy Jackson, a Grammy Award-winning producer. After throwing Cowell off guard, Moore launched into her song. Cowell and Jackson let Moore sing most of the song before Cowell signaled her to stop. "Not good enough," she remembers him saying dismissively. Jackson wasn't so sure, "He said, 'Um, Um. Uh. I don't know. I think I'm going to say no,' " Moore recalled. The third celebrity judge, 1980s pop star Paula Abdul, wasn't present because she was ill. Moore said she politely thanked the judges and turned to walk out as Simon gave her the biggest compliment Moore has ever heard him give: "Not good enough," she remembers him saying. "But you can sing." The rejection stung. For weeks after the audition, Moore would cop a British accent and sniff, "This supper's not good enough!" or "These pants aren't good enough!" But Moore always comes back to what Cowell said on her way out of the audition room. "He said I can sing!" Moore is unsure whether she will try out again next year. But she said it was one of the most important experiences in her life. "I really put myself out there, even after everything I've been through," she said. "That was a huge accomplishment in and of itself." Sure, a record deal would be nice, Moore says. But she also suspects she may have a more important calling. She recently enrolled at Portland Community College and is taking classes to become a mental health and addictions counselor. If Moore could choose between superstardom or helping others who've struggled, the choice would be clear. "I don't know what my future holds," she said. "But I know that helping others will give my life the most meaning."
From: *************************************************************** CMV Therapy May Improve Schizophrenia Symptoms Thu 25 December, 2003 17:10 Excerpt from Reuters report: Supplementary treatment with the oral antiviral valacyclovir appears to reduce symptoms in patients with schizophrenia who also test positive for cytomegalovirus (CMV), a common viral infection that normally does not cause illness, researchers report in the American Journal of Psychiatry. "We think that this study, although preliminary, suggests that the replication of members of the human herpesvirus family might contribute to the generation of symptoms in some individuals with schizophrenia," senior investigator Dr. Robert H. Yolken told Reuters Health. As well as their usual psychiatric medications, the subjects were given oral valacyclovir 1 gram twice daily over a period of 16 weeks. The improvement was not associated with antibodies against other herpes viruses or to demographic and clinical variables, such as age and type of antipsychotic medication. In light of these results, Yolken said, they are planning to follow-up this study with a larger trial "to better define the role of viral infections in schizophrenia. The research was done at the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore. SOURCE: American Journal of Psychiatry, December 2003. *************************************************************** Secretin shows schizophrenia benefits Schizophr Res 2004; 66: 177-181 Some patients with treatment refractory schizophrenia could experience clinically meaningful, although transient, reductions in symptoms with the intravenous administration of secretin, preliminary study findings reveal. In previous studies, intravenous injection of the gastrointestinal peptide secretin has produced improvements in the symptoms of autism, note Brian Sheitman and colleagues, from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA. Overall, there were no statistically significant differences between secretin- and placebo-treated patients with repeated measures analysis of variance. However, several patients who received secretin experienced clinically relevant improvements in symptoms. Indeed, among individuals treated with secretin, three were rated as "much improved" on the Clinical Global Impressions-Improvement scale within the first week, while five were "minimally improved," two were "unchanged," and one patient experienced a worsening of symptoms. "While the results reported here are certainly preliminary, the study of the hypocretins and molecules that can potentially alter this system are warranted in schizophrenia; a disease for which current treatments are often unsatisfactory," the researchers conclude in the journal Schizophrenia Research. *************************************************************** Saegis Pharmaceuticals Receives $2 Million Investment from the Stanley Medical Research Institute - Saegis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a privately held biopharmaceutical company focused on developing medicines that protect and enhance the function of the human mind, today announced that The Stanley Medical Research Institute will invest $2 million in the company, in exchange for Series B Preferred Stock, to help fund the initiation of human clinical trials of SGS518, a novel small molecule that has exhibited safety and activity in improving learning and memory in extensive pre-clinical research. Saegis will study the compound as a treatment for the cognitive decline that occurs in schizophrenia. "The Stanley Medical Research Institute is the largest private provider of research support for schizophrenia in the United States," said Rodney Pearlman, Ph.D., president and CEO of Saegis Pharmaceuticals. "As such, their significant investment not only validates the potential of SGS518 but also recognizes the ability of Saegis to pursue its clinical development efficiently."
For more information
see: *************************************************************** Researchers Find a Type of Stem Cell May Have the Ability to Repair the Brain - New York Times. " A type of self-renewing cell found in the adult human brain may have the potential to repair brain damage or disease, scientists reported yesterday.The cells, neural stem cells, have been known about for some time. But their function has been a mystery. Researchers theorized that the cells, as in rats and monkeys, generated new neurons...." This seems like an important area to research for treatments and cures for schizophrenia. *************************************************************** Social status impaired early in schizophrenia (Excerpt from Psychiatrymatters.md) Research suggests that schizophrenia may hinder social achievement long before people are admitted to hospital with the condition, but that admission to hospital appears to prevent any further deterioration. Esben Agerbo (University of Aarhus, Denmark) and colleagues assessed the long-term changes in a person's marital and employment status before and after the first hospital admission with schizophrenia. The researchers found that individuals who were hospitalized with schizophrenia were more likely than controls to be living alone, unemployed, receiving social benefits, or otherwise outside of the labor market, for up to 19 years before their first admission. Hospital admission appeared to prevent the further deterioration of social status, except for the transition to receiving disability pension. "Although untreated psychosis and acute and insidious onset of illness are indistinguishable in our study, evidence is added to the conjecture that schizophrenia does not appear suddenly, since our study shows that the social disadvantage is present up to 15 to 20 years before the actual first admission." Arch Gen Psychiatry 2004; 61: 28-33
For Full Article
(Registration Required) *************************************************************** New drugs fail to fully aid schizophrenics - A story in today's Washington Post (also carried in the San Francisco Chronicle) suggested that two atypical antipsychotic medicines recently evaluated are ineffective in reversing the lack of social skills that is one of the less obvious features of schizophrenia, according to a new study. The newspaper story stated: "Although the drugs were effective in combating other symptoms of schizophrenia, which is characterized by disorganized thought and psychotic behavior, they did not improve the subtle deficits that leave such patients unable to form social bonds and function properly in society." The research, funded by the National Institute of Mental Health, had patients with schizophrenia that were assessed on their social skills and problem- solving ability before and after they used two drugs called Clozaril and Risperdal. *************************************************************** IntegraGen and Aventis Ink Schizophrenia Research Collaboration NEW YORK, Jan. 30 (GenomeWeb News) - IntegraGen and Aventis will jointly search for genes associated with schizophrenia, the companies said today. Aventis will use IntegraGen's Genome Hybrid Identity Profiling gene mapping technology to perform genome-wide linkage analysis on DNA samples from schizophrenia patients, collected by Aventis' Human Genetics Center in Evry, France. *************************************************************** Gene variation increases risk of Schizophrenia (psychiatrymattters.md) - it was reported today that "Researchers have found evidence to suggest that the 3' genomic region of the D2 dopamine receptor (DRD2) gene may convey an increased risk of developing schizophrenia. While the DRD2 gene has been considered a relevant candidate gene in schizophrenia development, results still remain unclear due to differences in findings between linkage analyses and association studies, observe Caroline Dubertret (Hôôpital Louis Mourier, Colombes, France) and colleagues." Source: Schizophrenia Research, 2004; 67: 75-85 *************************************************************** Zyprexa IntraMuscular Injectable Approved for Use in Canada TORONTO, ON -- January 15, 2004 -- Today, Eli Lilly Canada Inc. announced that Zyprexa® IntraMuscular (olanzapine tartrate for injection) injectable formulation is available for the rapid control of agitation in patients with schizophrenia and related psychotic disorders. Zyprexa IntraMuscular is the first injectable form of a newer generation of antipsychotics (atypical antipsychotics) approved in Canada. *************************************************************** END
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Opinions expressed in this web site do not necessarily reflect the views of NAMI Santa Cruz County, NAMI California or any affiliated organizations. We attempt to present a balanced perspective on issues by presenting multiple viewpoints. Copyright 2005 National Alliance for the Mentally Ill Santa Cruz County, All Rights Reserved. FAIR USE NOTICE: This may contain copyrighted (©) material the use of which has not always been specifically authorized by the copyright owner. Such material is made available to advance understanding of ecological, political, human rights, economic, democracy, scientific, moral, ethical, and social justice issues, etc. It is believed that this constitutes a 'fair use' of any such copyrighted material as provided for in section 107 of the US Copyright Law. For more information go to: http://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/17/107.shtml If you wish to use copyrighted material for purposes of your own that go beyond 'fair use', you must obtain permission from the copyright owner. |
